a-level百度百科(level aa)
今天小编给大家带来A-level经济：MoneySupply，希望大家认真的阅读，对大家会有帮助。
Moneysupply分为：broadmoney和narrowmoney。
Narrowmoney指现金+活期存款(流动性强→用于交易)[即时购买力]，但是商业银行的库存现金分为两部分:
1)用于客户提现(算在narrow/broadmoney中)
2)用于银行日常开销(不算在narrow/broadmoney中)
Broadmoney指Narrowmoney+储蓄存款+定期存款[潜在购买力]
NM过高,BM过低:需求强劲,投资不足,有涨价风险NM过低,BM过高:投资过热,需求不足,有商品积压风险。
中央银行的职能：
Organisationofissuecurrency：Toissuemoney
Bankofothercommercialbanks：
Toacceptthedepositofothercommercialbanks,provideloanforcommercialbanks
Drafterandexecutiveofmonetarypolicy：
Tocarryoutmonetarypolicytomanagetheeconomy
Representthenational/statetreasury：
Tomanagegovernmentexpenditure,managetheexchangereserve
第二个是Accountingequation:
Asset=Liability+Ownership/Equity
Assetsarevaluableresourcesownedbytheentity.
第三个是Thecreditcreation，也是考试中经常出现的，往往以计算题的形式。
Reservesaredepositsthatbankshavereceivedbuthavenotloanedout.
Reserveratioisthefractionofdepositsthatbanksholdasreserves.
Reserverequirementsareregulationsontheminimumamountofreservesthatbanksmustholdagainstdeposits.
Totaldepositscreated=Initialdeposit×(1/Reserveratio).Createddeposit=Totaldeposit-Initialdeposit.Creditmultiplier=1/ReserveratioCreditmultiplier:theamountofmoneythebankingsystemgenerateswitheachdollarofreserves.
什么时候moneysupply会变？
1)Governmentborrowsmoneyfromcentralbankorcommercialbank.Ifabudgedeficitisfinancedbyborrowingfromcommercialbanksorthecentralbank,themoneysupplywillincrease.
Whenthegovernmentborrows$10millionfromcentralorcommercialbanks,thegovernmentspends$10milliontobuygoods.Therecipientsof$10millionandpaythemintotheirbankaccounts.Thesedepositsincreasetheliquidassets.Italsoincreasesbank’sabilitytolend.Therewillbeamultipliedexpansionthemoneysupply.
2)Governmentborrowsmoneyfromnon-bankprivatesectororpublic.Ifabudgetdeficitisfinancedbysellinggovernmentsecuritiestothenon-bankprivatesectororpublic,themoneysupplywillremainunchanged.
Whenthegovernmentsells$10millionsecuritiestothenon-bankprivatesectororpublic.Purchasersdraw$10millionmoneyoutoftheirbankdeposits.Thegovernmentspendsthemoney,recipientswillberedepositedtobanks.Thereisnoincreaseinmoneysupply.Existingmoneyjustchangehands.
3)Ifabudgetdeficitisfinancedbysellinggovernmentsecuritiestothenon-bankprivatesectororpublic,governmentdon’tspendsthemoney,itcausesafallinliquidassetsofbank,asmoneyiswithdrawn.Thelendingwillfall.
Whenagovernmentsellssecuritiestothenon-bankprivatesectororpublic.Purchasersdrawmoneyoutoftheirbankdeposits.Ifgovernmentdoesnotspendthemoney,afallinliquidassetsofbank,asmoneyiswithdrawn.Thelendingwillfall.
最后，这个知识点要记住：
如果政府卖出bonds,然后不花作为reserves→Moneysupply↓
如果政府赎回bonds,governmenthastopaycashtoprivate,increasingthedeposits→Moneysupply↑
Moneysupply属于A-level（A-Level)经济中的难点了，这些知识点要记住哦！
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